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怎样做一个称职的隧道监理工程师

2025-01-04 04:56:30 admin 阅读(1686)

随着国家建设的迅猛发展,我国的高速公路建设项目也越来越多,特别是在西部,为了跟上全国的经济发展,首先要改变西部交通落后的面貌,高速公路的建设首当其冲。西部山区高速公路建设涉及到许多隧道,隧道监理工程师这个职业也就应运而生;那么,如何做一个称职优秀的隧道监理工程师呢?下面谈谈自己的一点体会。

一、首先,作为隧道监理工程师,应该要懂得一些地质科学知识,一个隧道是在什么岩石中开挖,是沉积岩、变质岩、或是火成岩(岩浆岩)?沉积岩中是砂岩、石灰岩或是泥岩;变质岩中是板岩还是千枚岩?若是火成岩,是花岗岩还是玄武岩?开挖过程中岩层内的含水,是地下水还是地表水,地下水是孔隙水还是基岩裂隙水,水对围岩的不利影响有多大?这些问题都会出现。开挖过程中,存在部分不良地质段,形成不良地质段的原因是什么?是断层还是褶曲影响而形成的破碎带,遇到这些问题应该采取什么应对措施,采取措施后的效果如何,作为隧道监理工程师,应该根据现场情况,结合地质科学知识和自己的实践经验,提出自己的看法和解决建议供领导和施工队参考。

二、其次隧道掘进,隧道轴向(前进方向)与岩层走向的相交关系是我们经常会遇到的问题,(这个问题还涉及到掌子面围岩坍塌、冒落的部位、方式等问题)隧道轴向与岩层走向相交,不外乎三种:(1)隧道轴向与岩层走向垂直(正交,穿层掘进);(2)隧道轴向与岩层走向平行(顺层掘进),(3)隧道轴向与岩层走向斜交(只是斜交角度不同而已)。在穿层掘进时,由于地质构造的影响,开挖(人为扰动)爆破的影响,围岩一般会产生拱顶坍塌(滑塌)、拱顶岩块冒落;如果是顺坡(如平南隧道进口掌子面)掘进,在地下水作用下,岩体会产生离层现象,这个时候多会产生滑塌现象;在顺层掘进时,坍塌冒落多发生在软弱围岩,软弱围岩由于自身稳定性较差,往往会先行冒落,这种现象在掌子面同时出现几种不同岩性的岩石时特别明显,如掌子面围岩中有变质砂岩、炭质千枚岩、板岩时,先行冒落的多是炭质千枚岩;就是在同一类岩石中,也会发生软弱围岩先行冒落的现象,如绢云千枚岩,结构面发育(节理裂隙特别发育)、层间结合力较差的千枚岩往往会在开挖时先行冒落坍塌下来(如掌子面掉块)。隧道掘进,有很多时候隧道轴向与岩层走向是斜交的,这种情况下,围岩坍塌、滑塌、拱顶冒落(掉块)的现象都会发生,特别是在有地质构造、地下水影响时,这就需要根据现场情况,具体问题具体分析。

三、对工作区域的地质史应该有一个大致的了解。因为隧道是在岩石中开挖的,因地壳运动而引起的地震对地层(构成山体的岩层)的影响是十分巨大的,如由于地震形成的断层,地壳运动形成的褶曲(向斜、背斜)等,我们现在工作的区域就经历了多次因地壳运动引起的地震:1933年茂县叠溪地震;1976年松潘平武地震;2008年汶川地震;2013年芦山地震。这些地震对地层造成了巨大的破坏,我们在地表踏勘时,多见岩体节理裂隙十分发育;加之现在工作区域地层多系古老地层(如志留系地层(Sm)距今约4亿年,我们掘进的隧道多在这个地层内),外力地质作用影响也十分强烈,如风化、剥蚀等,其直接影响对象就是第四系地层(Q4)。

四,作为隧道监理工程师,应该熟悉隧道开挖、支护的全过程,起码应该有一个大致的了解。应该熟悉设计资料,如两阶段施工图设计文件(包括图纸)。如果不熟悉开挖的工艺流程,就不能随时掌握隧道开挖的情况,从而确定自己的工作重点;如果不熟悉设计资料文件,就不能随时掌握衬砌支护的要求,就不能很好地履行自己的监理职责,如围岩级别对应的超前支护类型及辅助工程措施,这就要求自己认真了解掌握设计资料和图纸,要做到心中有数。

五,熟悉了解与隧道开挖的安全、技术规范(规定),熟悉了解业主对工程的要求(通过业主下发的文件),如果不了解,不熟悉,在实际工作中就不能很好地履行职责,就不能起到监理的作用。

六,掌握了解与隧道监理相关的知识。如隧道通风,隧道开挖到什么长度必须实施机械通风,风量、风压有什么具体要求,风机、风筒的设置有什么具体规定等;对瓦斯隧道的通风有什么具体要求,作为监理,在瓦斯隧道工作时如何检查通风情况以及瓦斯监测仪器及工作情况;瓦斯达到什么浓度掌子面必须停止工作人员撤出,这些都是隧道监理工程师必须掌握熟悉的。

七,要做一个优秀的隧道监理工程师,还必须了解认识隧道施工地质灾害,通过超前地质预报分析、了解掌握前期地质资料、地表踏勘和洞内现场观察,对可能发生的地质灾害进行预判,对施工队提出开挖安全风险警示,对施工安全作出自己的努力和贡献。

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住房和城乡建设部 交通运输部 中国工程咨询协会 中国交通建设监理协会 山东省工程咨询协会 淄博市交通运输局 淄博市住房和城乡建设局 西安铂傲智能科技有限公司 东泰OA系统

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article------>{"id":1078,"cid":21,"subCid":null,"title":"怎样做一个称职的隧道监理工程师","shortTitle":null,"tagId":null,"attr":null,"articleView":null,"source":"何德彬","author":"admin","description":"随着国家建设的迅猛发展,我国的高速公路建设项目也越来越多,特别是在西部,为了跟上全国的经济发展,首先要改变西部交通落后的面貌,高速公路的建设首当其冲。西部山区高速公路建设涉及到许多隧道,隧道监理工程师","img":"/public/uploads/material/2020-11-26/5fbf4c90e2f0d_thumb.jpg","content":"<p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 37px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"line-height: 33px;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;\"><span style=\"font-family: 仿宋;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">随着国家建设的迅猛发展,我国的高速公路建设项目也越来越多,特别是在西部,为了跟上全国的经济发展,首先要改变西部交通落后的面貌,高速公路的建设首当其冲。西部山区高速公路建设涉及到许多隧道,隧道监理工程师这个职业也就应运而生;那么,如何做一个称职优秀的隧道监理工程师呢?下面谈谈自己的一点体会。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 37px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"line-height: 33px;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;\"><span style=\"font-family: 仿宋;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">一、首先,作为隧道监理工程师,应该要懂得一些地质科学知识,一个隧道是在什么岩石中开挖,是沉积岩、变质岩、或是火成岩(岩浆岩)?沉积岩中是砂岩、石灰岩或是泥岩;变质岩中是板岩还是千枚岩?若是火成岩,是花岗岩还是玄武岩?开挖过程中岩层内的含水,是地下水还是地表水,地下水是孔隙水还是基岩裂隙水,水对围岩的不利影响有多大?这些问题都会出现。开挖过程中,存在部分不良地质段,形成不良地质段的原因是什么?是断层还是褶曲影响而形成的破碎带,遇到这些问题应该采取什么应对措施,采取措施后的效果如何,作为隧道监理工程师,应该根据现场情况,结合地质科学知识和自己的实践经验,提出自己的看法和解决建议供领导和施工队参考。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 37px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"line-height: 33px;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;\"><span style=\"font-family: 仿宋;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">二、其次隧道掘进,隧道轴向(前进方向)与岩层走向的相交关系是我们经常会遇到的问题,(这个问题还涉及到掌子面围岩坍塌、冒落的部位、方式等问题)隧道轴向与岩层走向相交,不外乎三种:(1)隧道轴向与岩层走向垂直(正交,穿层掘进);(2)隧道轴向与岩层走向平行(顺层掘进),(3)隧道轴向与岩层走向斜交(只是斜交角度不同而已)。在穿层掘进时,由于地质构造的影响,开挖(人为扰动)爆破的影响,围岩一般会产生拱顶坍塌(滑塌)、拱顶岩块冒落;如果是顺坡(如平南隧道进口掌子面)掘进,在地下水作用下,岩体会产生离层现象,这个时候多会产生滑塌现象;在顺层掘进时,坍塌冒落多发生在软弱围岩,软弱围岩由于自身稳定性较差,往往会先行冒落,这种现象在掌子面同时出现几种不同岩性的岩石时特别明显,如掌子面围岩中有变质砂岩、炭质千枚岩、板岩时,先行冒落的多是炭质千枚岩;就是在同一类岩石中,也会发生软弱围岩先行冒落的现象,如绢云千枚岩,结构面发育(节理裂隙特别发育)、层间结合力较差的千枚岩往往会在开挖时先行冒落坍塌下来(如掌子面掉块)。隧道掘进,有很多时候隧道轴向与岩层走向是斜交的,这种情况下,围岩坍塌、滑塌、拱顶冒落(掉块)的现象都会发生,特别是在有地质构造、地下水影响时,这就需要根据现场情况,具体问题具体分析。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 37px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"line-height: 33px;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;\"><span style=\"font-family: 仿宋;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">三、对工作区域的地质史应该有一个大致的了解。因为隧道是在岩石中开挖的,因地壳运动而引起的地震对地层(构成山体的岩层)的影响是十分巨大的,如由于地震形成的断层,地壳运动形成的褶曲(向斜、背斜)等,我们现在工作的区域就经历了多次因地壳运动引起的地震:1933年茂县叠溪地震;1976年松潘平武地震;2008年汶川地震;2013年芦山地震。这些地震对地层造成了巨大的破坏,我们在地表踏勘时,多见岩体节理裂隙十分发育;加之现在工作区域地层多系古老地层(如志留系地层(Sm)距今约4亿年,我们掘进的隧道多在这个地层内),外力地质作用影响也十分强烈,如风化、剥蚀等,其直接影响对象就是第四系地层(Q4)。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 37px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"line-height: 33px;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;\"><span style=\"font-family: 仿宋;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">四,作为隧道监理工程师,应该熟悉隧道开挖、支护的全过程,起码应该有一个大致的了解。应该熟悉设计资料,如两阶段施工图设计文件(包括图纸)。如果不熟悉开挖的工艺流程,就不能随时掌握隧道开挖的情况,从而确定自己的工作重点;如果不熟悉设计资料文件,就不能随时掌握衬砌支护的要求,就不能很好地履行自己的监理职责,如围岩级别对应的超前支护类型及辅助工程措施,这就要求自己认真了解掌握设计资料和图纸,要做到心中有数。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 37px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"line-height: 33px;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;\"><span style=\"font-family: 仿宋;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">五,熟悉了解与隧道开挖的安全、技术规范(规定),熟悉了解业主对工程的要求(通过业主下发的文件),如果不了解,不熟悉,在实际工作中就不能很好地履行职责,就不能起到监理的作用。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 37px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"line-height: 33px;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;\"><span style=\"font-family: 仿宋;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">六,掌握了解与隧道监理相关的知识。如隧道通风,隧道开挖到什么长度必须实施机械通风,风量、风压有什么具体要求,风机、风筒的设置有什么具体规定等;对瓦斯隧道的通风有什么具体要求,作为监理,在瓦斯隧道工作时如何检查通风情况以及瓦斯监测仪器及工作情况;瓦斯达到什么浓度掌子面必须停止工作人员撤出,这些都是隧道监理工程师必须掌握熟悉的。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 37px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"line-height: 33px;\"><span style=\"font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;\"><span style=\"font-family: 仿宋;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">七,要做一个优秀的隧道监理工程师,还必须了解认识隧道施工地质灾害,通过超前地质预报分析、了解掌握前期地质资料、地表踏勘和洞内现场观察,对可能发生的地质灾害进行预判,对施工队提出开挖安全风险警示,对施工安全作出自己的努力和贡献。</span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p></p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img title=\"1606372482202120.jpg\" src=\"//public/uploads/ueditor/image/20201126/A-8/1606372482202120.jpg\"/></p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img title=\"1606372482140029.jpg\" src=\"/Uploads/ueditor/image/20201126/A-8/1606372482140029.jpg\"/></p><p></p>","orderBy":null,"status":0,"pv":1686,"link":null,"createdAt":"2020-11-26 14:35:00","updatedAt":"2025-01-04 04:56:30","field":{},"tags":[]}

article.tags------>[]

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